Illiteracy and Crime
Reading is an essential aspect of education. Reading is a survival skill in a print-laden society. Reading is an integral part of every subject area in the school curriculum. Success is therefore dependent, to a large extent, on the ability to read. Illiteracy has been linked to poverty, crime, and low self-esteem (Leone, 2004). Leone also posits that “Literacy skills appear to be an essential component of education to meet the demands of a complex, high-tech world… Higher levels of literacy are associated consistently with lower rates of juvenile delinquency” (p. 261). Maher (2004) confirms that, “Study after study has shown that recidivism rates drop in direct proportion to the number of college credits an inmate completes while incarcerated and that the children of inmates are far more likely to attend college if their incarcerated parent does so” (p. 102). Individuals who have been through school and have left without learning to read have been done a disservice. The onus is on teachers to make learning, and more especially learning to read, a successful and enjoyable activity that more individuals may develop higher literacy levels and thus engender lower delinquency rates.

The Empowerment Programme (TEP)
What motivates an individual to learn to read, especially when that individual is an adult, and moreover, that adult is male and incarcerated? Love and self worth! Students against whom the odds are stacked need to know that they are loved and that they are worth loving.

As education officer of the Council of Prison Chaplains and Ministers (COPCAM) I was given the challenge by the prison authorities to develop, on behalf of the prison ministry, a literacy programme to partner with the prison service in its approach to reform prisoners. Out of this shared responsibility approach to develop strategies that challenge offenders to take responsibility for their lives and actions and to assist them to become productive law-abiding citizens TEP was initiated. Tutors are sourced from the various religious groups functioning in the religious ministry in the prison. The criteria for selection are willingness to learn and to share, commitment and caring, and availability for classes twice per week.

The programme is a totally voluntary project with no funding from any source other than the volunteers themselves and any friends and acquaintances from whom they may solicit assistance. Stationery, reading and writing materials, teaching aids, traveling costs, and subsistence are all donated by the volunteer tutors who have volunteered their time and effort to the project. Classes are scheduled on four days per week in two cycles viz. Mondays & Wednesdays, and Tuesdays & Thursdays in the classrooms of the Learning Centre, formerly the School, in the compound of the Maximum Security Prison, Arouca, Trinidad.

The goals of the project are:

• to provide inmates with self-esteem and cognitive/literacy development
• to provide opportunities that would make a difference in the lives of inmates and in the attitudes that govern their behaviour
• to improve relationships between inmates and their families
• to facilitate the return of inmates into society in a positive, contributory manner

In order to ensure that the students are given the opportunity to acquire skills which would make them self-sufficient, productive, and successful citizens, the programme is designed on the premises that intelligence can be taught and that everyone has intelligences of strength, and delivered in large and small group settings with participatory, discussion/activity type sessions with some plenary type sessions by visiting professionals. The focus of the programme is the answer to the earlier question viz. love and self worth. This is crystallized in the chorus of the poem turned song, Desiderata, which the students learn during the self-esteem component:

You are a child of the universe,

No less than the trees and the stars,

You have a right to be here.

And whether or not it is clear to you,

No doubt the universe is unfolding as it should.

The present TEP began in September 1999 as Y2KEP - the Year 2000 Empowerment Programme, later called RISE - Rehabilitated Inmates Seeking Empowerment, in keeping with an initiative of the Welfare Division of the prison system, then TEP – The Empowerment Programme, to distinguish it from other learning programmes that were coming on stream at the Learning Center of the Maximum Security Prison.

The initiative began with an intensive training programme in October 1999 in adult literacy and self-enhancement of volunteer civilian tutors and prison correctional officers none of whom were teachers. By 2001 inmates/students of the programme joined the tutor training sessions. The first component of the literacy programme for the students was the compulsory self-esteem segment. The second component was the assessment of students’ academic abilities and placement in the appropriate class level. The third component was the class teaching at the various levels. This became the format for the project –

1. The orientation of tutors
2. The self-esteem component
3. The academic/literacy assessment
4. The class room.

The orientation of tutors
Each year’s programme begins with tutor orientation to prepare new volunteers and refresh existing tutors. Training is done in teaching strategies, team building, and the components of reading. In the midst of the training in the methodology of literacy teaching such as the Language Experience Approach (LEA) and syllable division rules and techniques, the tutors are focused on certain key orientations: their role as facilitator not teacher; the acknowledgement of the wealth of knowledge and experience that the students bring to the classroom in spite of their literacy level; the need to make the learning experience enjoyable and meaningful; and the centrality of the enhancement of the students’ self-esteem.

The self-esteem component
During the self-esteem component students come to terms with the who, why, what, and how of their being, and their being in this place at this time. They confront love – love of self, love of God, love of others. They acknowledge that to everything there is a season and a time for every purpose under heaven. They encounter non-destructive conflict resolution. They envision the power of the dream, re-vision the baggage they have for the journey, and embark on constructing their new self image.

The academic/literacy assessment
The correctional officers, using varied reading and writing instruments assess the academic levels of the inmates and assign them to one of five levels: introductory (absolute beginners), beginners, level one, level two, or level three (School Leaving examination class).

The class room
In the classroom sessions are structured to provide opportunities for prayer, discussion, activity, creativity, interaction, group work, reading, and skill drills. Sessions are of two-hour duration, twice per week. Class sizes are generally between ten and twenty students with two to five tutors per class. Team teaching, individual attention, drama, competitions, art, praying, and singing are everyday features of the TEP classroom. Spelling Bee, Reading and Debating Competitions usually mark the end of the school year.

Growth and Progress

GROWTH AND DEVELOPMENT OF THE EMPOWERMENT PROGRAMME (TEP)
MAXIMUM SECURITY PRISON, AROUCA, TRINIDAD

ENROLMENT IN PROGRAMMES

TEP - LEVEL THREE
SCHOOL LEAVING RESULTS

2002

2004

2005

The data show the numerical development and successes of TEP over the years. Some students progressed through all the levels, moving on to the CXC classes. Some became tutors of the literacy programme. Many stayed with the programme until their discharge from prison. Those tutors who have left the prison have expressed the desire to return and work in the programme, but Prison Regulations do not allow such interaction. The growth of TEP initiated the birth of many other programmes as the inmates’ hunger for learning became evident. TEP awakened new awareness and opened the way for a new culture of learning in the community of the Maximum Security Prison.

The initial invitation to the inmates to attend literacy classes met with much resistance from some of the inmates and some of the officers. One non-correctional officer enquired of me, “What make you feel that this what you all doing going to make any difference to these hardened criminals?” and advised that, “You all just fooling yourselves and wasting our time.” Some inmates came only to “break jail” with no intention of participating; some came out of curiosity; few came with a desire for learning. When inmates were sent to the literacy classes without the self-esteem exposure, they were less co-operative and less focused than those who had experienced the self-esteem component. It was obvious that the experience affected their way of thinking and manner of behaving, one of the goals of the project.

Some of the inmates expressed the same point of view as the earlier mentioned officer and stayed with the programme in the hope of proving themselves right before leaving; they never left. One of the inmates confronted the tutors with the question, “Why you all keep coming here? You all just wasting your time.” Our response was, “We don’t mind wasting our time, you just keep coming to class and let us waste our time.” He kept coming and soon encouraged others to come with him. One inmate announced to us, “Miss, you see me, I bad, I bad, bad, bad. It ent have nothing good in me.” We rejoined, as from the self-esteem session, “the God in me sees the God in you, stay with us and you too will see.” A few sessions later he queried further, “Why you all keep coming here? What you have to gain? You all love us for true?” Our response, “Yes, we love you. We keep coming because we love you. We are not being paid, but we gain joy in seeing your progress.” A few sessions later the questions turned to statements, “Miss, you know I learning to read, yes, I realize I learning. You really said I could do something good, and look, I doing it.” The classic demonstration of the worth of TEP philosophy came when one student raised the question, “Miss, you are a teacher. Why they don’t teach teachers to teach in school the way you all teaching us in here?” And then commented, “You know Miss, when I was going to school if only one teacher in all my school life had ever said to me I could be something good, I wouldn’t a’ have to spend most of my life in jail. Look at my age, and I now learning to read.”

Progress also became obvious when other inmates started remarking on the changes in their peers who attended school and started asking to be allowed to come to school. Soon the classes were becoming bigger than the desired class size and inmates had to be placed on a student waiting list. One of the challenges of this growing popularity of the classes was to convince the assigning officer that students had to wait for the self-esteem component before coming to class. He felt that if they asked to come to class they should not have to wait till the next school year when the self-esteem sessions would be done. This led to some conflict since I was adamant that the self-esteem was compulsory, and that it was the self-esteem sessions that were initiating the break-through and not the reading classes. The self-esteem groups soon grew to include students from the CXC and Art classes who were not involved in the Literacy Programme. At present the entire school population attends the self-esteem programmes, at the end of which students return to their various groupings.

Another challenge that came with progress, and one that was indicative of personal growth in the students, revealed itself in a discussion that raised the question of training the officers in the ‘batch’, the non-correctional officers. The students explained that some batch officers were applying undue pressure to them to prove that they had not indeed changed. Some noted that while we made them see themselves as worthy human beings, some officers continued to treat them like animals, which tempted them to just give up on the process. They had to be encouraged to look at the bigger picture, the future, and also to recognize that those officers needed to develop their self-esteem, so they, the inmates, who had grown should help the officers by not retaliating or reverting to their old ways. It was a difficult lesson for them to absorb.
Growth was reflected in the desire of students to attain to the position of tutors in the programme. Some students progressed from the level two literacy classes to writing CXC examinations and becoming tutors in the project. Some were so motivated that they successsfully pursued Advanced level courses and applied for University admission. The exhilaration of writing their own letters to their families was infectious when the feat was achieved by those who were in the habit of having to pay other inmates to read and write their mail when they could not have done so for themselves.

Growth and progress is curtailed by the lack of funding for the project. Glowing tributes are paid to the programme and the tutors at every graduation ceremony of the self-esteem component by the prison authorities and the inmates. The positive effect on the prison community is lauded. But no financial assistance is forthcoming. The lack of finances results in the loss of civilian tutors when they can no longer afford to maintain the expense of serving in the programme. It also reduces the output because of a lack of materials with which to increase production. But, in the words of a sankey, “the good over weighs the bad”.

References

Forrest lll, S. P., Peterson, T. O. (2006). It’s Called Andragogy. Academy of Management, Learning & Education, 5(1), 113-122. Retrieved July 20, from EBSCOHost databases

Gordon, S. P. (2004). Professional Development for School Improvement: Empowering Learning Communities. Boston: Allyn and Bacon

Illeris, K. (2003). Workplace Learning and Learning Theory. Journal of Workplace Learning, 15(4), 167-178. Retrieved June 15, 2006, from EBSCOHost databases

Leone, P. E., Cutting, C. A. (2004). Appropriate Education, Juvenile Corrections, and No Child Left Behind. Behavioral Disorders, 29(3), 260-265. Retrieved May 5, 2006, from ProQuest Psychology Journals database

Maher, J. (2004). My Way Out of This Life Is An Education. Women's Studies Quarterly, 32(1/2), 100-114. Retrieved May 5, 2006, from Research Library database.

Naidu, S. (2006). Meaningful Learning in Education and Development. The Fourth Pan Commowealth Conference on Open Learning.